House is one of the human fundamental needs that in terms of development and change in living level has different and various dimensions. In this case, house is the most skeletal element of village and it is a parcel of village total identity and yet it reveals functional accretion of village context consisting elements. Therefore, rural house building method helps to villages' classification based on social groups and assessment of their archaism and establishment time.Meanwhile, rural house form and function in the world is affected by different factors, which rather originate from natural, social, economical, and political properties of countries. In this relation, rural houses distribution method and dominant architecture of this phenomenon in rural regions affected by factors such as coordinated actions adjacency, irreconcilable actions differentiation, maximum use of natural environment properties, hierarchy preservation of actions and spaces. Meanwhile, in study of rural houses, some aspects could be considered, such as expanse and form of free space (i.e, court and garden space), house building method and used materials relation with environment, building position and its situation toward public lands (for example, pathways network), infrastructure and useful area based on residential areas, economical used space, stores area and similar cases, houses height or number of building floor, number of rooms and their function, parts with special function, construction method, and architecture. In this article, regarding research main path, means geographical analyses of rural house form and function in Miyanband Villages, some major objects are considered, such as rural house dominant types' recognition and its differences in geographical area of various regions, study of new rural houses function differences compared with previous rural houses function in the region, study of house events qualitative and quantitative changes in considered region. According to the last formal census, Miyanband Villages of Noor County includes 29 villages with population of 7805 in 1518 household. This population lives in 1557 housing unit.These houses have special diversity regarding geographical condition and economical-social structure and they were selected according to study objects and considering geographical properties of 6 villages and their houses dominant conditions were studied. According to region villages' sprawl, results of this study could be considered as a diagram of total region. In line with rural house form analysis and in order to reach to above objects, we have used descriptive analytical method in 2 forms of documents-library and field study (questionary, interview, and observation). Conclusions of this research show that geographical factors such as topography, wind direction, and other continental elements are very effective on house parameters such as infrastructure, houses settlement direction, roof cover type. Meanwhile, houses form and function indifferent geographical districts of study region has obvious differences with each other regarding proper communication network and distance from urban centers.

Introduction Rural settlements as spatial-spatial systems, like all systems under the influence of internal forces and current trends in their environment and external forces and trends in various ways are subject to constant dynamics and change and in a dynamic interaction of different forces affecting color and Are formed. One of the factors influencing the physical-spatial developments of rural settlements that in recent years, these areas have faced a complex spatial crisis is the physical phenomenon of "sprawl" that over time by swallowing rural lands, agricultural and garden uses to It transforms residential, commercial and service and, ultimately, leads to the integration and unification of villages to meet the rapid growth of population and meet high demand, reflecting the flow of influence-the impact of internal factors (natural forces-ecological and social-Economic) and external forces (political-administrative decisions and civil actions), each of which in the context of time and dynamic interaction, somehow cause physical-spatial changes and vulnerability of rural areas. Methodology The present study is a descriptive-analytical research in terms of purpose, method and description of the current situation and conditions, and data collection has been done using documentary and library methods and survey data. The statistical population of this study includes all rural settlements in Chamestan section of Noor city located in three villages (Natel Rustaq, Mianroud and Lavij) with 87 villages that are naturally located in mountainous, foothill and plain sections. The selection of rural settlements from all three villages is based on their natural characteristics, population and distance from the city. In order to determine the sample size, an average of 20% of the villages from each village was considered and based on the proportional allocation, out of 87 villages, 17 villages were selected. Then, using Morgan and Krejcie table, according to the population and number of households in each village, 250 heads of households were selected as a sample and questionnaires were distributed among them using a simple random sampling method. Local managers (councils and village heads) were also questioned due to their responsibility to monitor and control land use change in rural areas in full. Data collection in this study wasobservational and questionnaire and information analysis was performed both qualitatively and quantities. Results and discussion Factors affecting the formation of sprawl in rural lands of Chamestan region can be divided into two categories: internal factors (environmental or natural-ecological, economic, social and physical factors) and external factors (political and legal factors). According to the research findings, it was found that the pattern of sprawl and land use change in rural settlements of Chamestan region has been affected more than anything by its environmental-ecological factors; The existence of three plains, foothills and mountains and the existence of different slopes from north to south of the region, indicates the existence of diverse topography of the region, which has caused all areas in different heights and slopes of the region, the phenomenon of sprawl and change Experience land use. On the other hand, the economic problems of the people such as low income and decrease in income of rural households from the agricultural sector, rising prices and stock exchanges after land use change, low prices of agricultural products, low productivity of capital in the agricultural sector and land returns in the sector Agriculture and service and housing activities and changes in household income along with higher prices of agricultural inputs, import of similar products at lower prices, higher profitability in service and industrial activities, high production costs, high risk and risk in agricultural activities, hard work Agriculture has joined hands to make the phenomenon of sprawl and land use change occur widely and with much higher speed and intensity in the agricultural and garden lands of the studied rural areas, especially in the Chamestan plain area. In this regard, population growth and migration along with the spontaneous expansion of second-home tourism, lower social status of agriculture compared to activities related to services (tourism), changing the lifestyle of villagers from simplicity to luxury, the existence of smallholder farming and plots Land fragmentation has been a social factor in the formation of the creep phenomenon. The expansion of communication routes, transportation networks and easy access, has played an important role in creating spatial and functional connections between settlements in the region and in fact by providing the possibility Infrastructure and superstructure services in rural areas have caused spatial changes and sprawl in the region. Weak government support policies for agriculture and farmers were recognized as one of the most important and effective external factors in the formation of sprawl in the rural areas under study. Approval and implementation of the rural master plan, weakness of institutions and executive bodies in the implementation of land use protection laws, weakness in control and supervision. Construction and issuance of licenses by the responsible organizations, the law of successive division of land between children due to inheritance law, the lack of a system of registration of documents and property and the predominance of the charter system of real estate, the process of sprawl formation and increase in construction And has accelerated gardens in the areal. Conclusion: In general, in order to explain the causes and factors of sprawl formation in rural areas of Chamestan, the effectiveness of each factor alone in this process will be a one-dimensional, simplistic and reductionist analysis and a systemic, co-synergistic and synergistic view. To all the internal and external factors governing rural settlements, it is inevitable. And studies showed that rural sprawl in rural settlements of Chamestan is not sustainable for development, so that the path and goal of development has been reduced from a comprehensive development process to economic growth.

Today, human settlements around the world are exposed to natural hazards for a variety of reasons. These risks, which bring with them a lot of human and financial losses, require preventive measures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the development of urban space in order to deal with environmental hazards in Noor city. The method of this research is also descriptive. Data collection is using library and documentary studies and questionnaires. In order to analyze the questionnaires using ANP method and fuzzy logic method, evaluate each of the criteria and determine their importance coefficients. Based on the results, spatial assessment was performed using ArcGis software and hazard zones were identified. According to the results of risk potential zoning, the northern and southern areas of the city have the highest risk potential. To predict the development of residential areas, the combined Markov chain model and cellular automation were used. The results showed that the continuous expansion of built areas in recent decades has caused rapid changes in land use and the built areas of the city has increased from 2.43% of the total area in 2010 to 3.68% in 2019. The results also showed that regardless of the natural hazards, the built-up areas will increase and as a result of urbanization, the built-up areas will be more prone to high-risk lands. However, if sustainable development policies are fully implemented, cities and built-up areas will be able to maintain their development spaces from high-risk areas for the benefit of the city and its residents.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of tourism development on the agricultural sector in order to analyze the nature of the link between these two parts, in rural areas of the rural district of Mianband in the Township of Noor. This research is an applied research in terms of its purpose and a descriptive-analytical survey in terms of its method. The statistical community includes all rural households in this village. Data has been collected through questionnaires and interviews. Regarding the widespread population of the statistical community, 322 male households were selected through random sampling method. In analyzing the data of this research, one-sample test, dependent t-test and correlation test were used. The results of this research indicate that the effects of tourism development on the factors such as agricultural production, employment in the agricultural sector, income and profits from agricultural production and the level of motivation for activity and investment in agricultural sector have been significantly different with the level of their desired effects.

In many studies, topographic factors have been considered as an important factor in establishing the vegetation in different ecosystems. So, it affects vegetation composition and diversity by influencing soil moisture, fertility and soil depth. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of slope, elevation and geographical aspects on species growth, forage production and vegetation cover in Yazi rangeland, Noor province, Iran. Sampling was done along three transects with the length of 150 m in each unit. Along each transect, 15 plots (1 m2) were established with 10 m distances. In each plot, species name, growth form, cover percent and soil surface percent such as percentages of stones, pebbles and amount of litter were recorded. Also, the rangeland production was measured by the clip-and-weigh method. Data were analyzed and mean comparisons were done using Duncan method. Results showed that the geographical aspects had significant impacts on forage production, vegetative form and species composition. Northern aspects had the highest forage production rate and species frequency. Also, elevation had a significant effect on forage production and vegetative form so that the elevation of 1600-1900 m and 2200-2500 m had the highest and lowest effects. Also, according to forage production and vegetative form in the range of slope classes, it is specified that it has also a significant effect on forage production seen in higher slopes.

The Kerman region stands out as one of the most significant mining areas globally, owing to its extensive and abundant mineral resources. Bam County, situated in the southeastern part of Kerman, has historically served as a crucial hub connecting the southeast of Iran with Sistan and Afghanistan, attributed to its distinctive geological and geomorphological characteristics. Enjoying considerable commercial and military importance since the Sassanid era, Bam County has garnered attention in archaeological research as a strategically vital region. The exploration of Bam's archaeological sites becomes imperative for historical governments, highlighting the need to investigate and comprehend ancient centers engaged in metal smelting and mining activities. Consequently, an archaeological survey of the central part of Bam County was initiated in 2018-2019 with the specific objective of identifying metal smelting workshops and ancient mines. This article presents the outcomes of a field survey conducted in the central part of Bam County, shedding light on evidence of metal smelting centers, furnaces, and historical mining activities. The primary research inquiries center around the chronology of mining evidence in the central part of Bam County, the types of metals extracted, and the processes involved in metal mining and metallurgy within this region. Employing field and documentary methods, the research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The study identified and examined eight sites showcasing evidence of smelting and slag, one ancient mine, and two active mines. These sites have been associated with the extraction and processing of metals and elements such as tin, zinc, lead, silver, iron, and, to a lesser extent, gold. Notably, the substantial volume of zinc and zinc oxide processing in seven sites holds significance. Although cultural materials for chronological dating were absent in the investigated sites, historical sources indicate that the extraction and smelting of these metals in the region date back to at least the 3rd century AH (9th century AD) and persisted until the Qajar period

Indigenous knowledge plays an important role in the sustainable management of natural resources. This study was performed on the Khurtab Rudbar watershed, the Noor County, to investigate the role of indigenous knowledge in the conservation, restoration, and sustainable utilization of the rangeland. The stratified random sampling method was performed in the descriptive-survey type framework. The Questionnaires used in data collection was based on the Likert Spectrum. Validation of the research tools was confirmed by seeking expert opinion and their reliability by determining the Cronbach٫ s alpha coefficient for the main variables. The sampling population consisted of 280 area stakeholders, out of which 40 were selected by using the of the Cochran٫ s relationship. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software, determining the Spearman٫ s correlation coefficient, and calculating the significance of correlation coefficient of the linear regression. The results indicated that there existed a significant relationship between the levels of indigenous knowledge of the graziers and their participation in the study with the correlation coefficient of 0. 686 and the confidence level at the 99%. This further indicated that the stakeholder٫ s participation in the rangeland restoration was more effective than their influence in its protection and sustainable utilization. The take home message is: Application of the indigenous knowledge is essential for the sustainable management of the rangeland.

Background & Aims: Mental health plays a vital role in students' overall development, directly influencing their academic performance, emotional stability, and social interactions. Schools are not merely institutions for academic learning but also environments where students' psychological and emotional well-being is shaped. The concept of a "healthy school" has gained significant attention in recent years as educators and policymakers recognize the importance of fostering an environment that supports students' mental health. This study investigates the impact of the healthy school model, based on educational management knowledge, on the mental well-being of high school students in Noor County. A healthy school environment is one that promotes not only physical health but also psychological well-being. It includes elements such as a supportive administrative structure, effective teaching strategies, positive student-teacher relationships, and programs that address students' emotional and social needs. Educational management plays a key role in shaping such environments by implementing policies and practices that create a balanced and stress-free learning atmosphere. Schools that adopt an effective educational management approach are more likely to provide students with a sense of security, motivation, and belonging, all of which contribute to their mental health. One of the critical factors in a healthy school environment is the reduction of academic stress. Many students experience high levels of anxiety due to academic pressure, competitive environments, and unrealistic expectations from parents and teachers. A well-managed school focuses on creating a balanced curriculum, providing psychological support services, and fostering a culture of encouragement rather than excessive pressure. By doing so, students develop a healthier relationship with learning and experience less anxiety about academic performance. Furthermore, social relationships in school play a crucial role in students’ mental well-being. A supportive school environment encourages positive peer interactions, teamwork, and a sense of community. When students feel included and valued, they are less likely to experience feelings of isolation, loneliness, or depression. Educational management strategies that prioritize student engagement, extracurricular activities, and inclusive policies help build a sense of belonging, which is fundamental to mental health. Another important aspect of a healthy school is the emphasis on resilience and emotional intelligence. Schools that integrate mental health programs, counseling services, and emotional well-being workshops equip students with coping mechanisms to handle stress, setbacks, and emotional challenges. When students learn how to manage their emotions effectively, they become more confident, adaptable, and mentally strong. This not only benefits their academic performance but also prepares them for future personal and professional challenges. The present study examines how the implementation of the healthy school model, guided by educational management principles, affects the mental health of high school students in Noor County. By analyzing various factors such as stress levels, student engagement, academic motivation, and overall emotional well-being, this research aims to highlight the importance of structured and supportive school environments. The findings of this study contribute to the growing body of research on mental health in education and emphasize the need for educational institutions to adopt comprehensive management strategies that prioritize students' psychological well-being. In conclusion, the mental health of students is a critical issue that must be addressed within the educational framework. Schools that embrace a healthy school model through effective educational management can create environments that support students' academic and emotional development. By reducing academic stress, promoting positive social interactions, and fostering resilience, schools can play a pivotal role in shaping mentally healthy individuals. This study underscores the significance of implementing structured policies that focus on students' holistic well-being, ultimately contributing to a more productive and emotionally balanced future generation. Methods: This research is descriptive in nature and of the survey type. The statistical population consists of 1, 975 students from the second cycle of general secondary education, vocational, and technical education. Based on Cochran's formula, a sample of 322 individuals was selected using stratified random sampling according to gender. The data collection tool included a researcher-developed questionnaire on the healthy school model with a focus on educational management knowledge and the Goldberg Mental Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). To analyze the data, structural equation modeling was employed using SPSS21 and LISREL8. 5 software. Results: The results showed that the healthy school model with an educational management knowledge approach has a significant impact on the mental health of students, with a standardized coefficient of-0. 73. Additionally, the calculated t-value between the two variables, the healthy school model with an educational management knowledge approach and mental health, was-12. 64, which is greater than 1. 96, indicating a significant relationship between the variables. Conclusion: This outcome highlights the importance of integrating educational management principles into the development of healthy school environments. By prioritizing students’ mental health through structured management practices, schools can create supportive spaces that reduce stress, foster emotional well-being, and enhance overall student performance. The negative coefficient indicates that as the application of educational management strategies improves, students experience better mental health, underlining the role of school administrators and educators in shaping positive environments. The study also underscores the need for school systems to move beyond traditional academic approaches and consider the holistic development of students, including their psychological needs. A focus on mental health, supported by an educational management framework, can contribute to more resilient and engaged learners. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge that emphasizes the interconnectedness of educational practices and mental health, suggesting that schools adopting such comprehensive models are better equipped to support students’ emotional and academic growth. In conclusion, the results suggest that integrating educational management knowledge with the healthy school model offers a promising approach to enhancing students’ mental health, which, in turn, can positively influence their academic and personal development. Schools that adopt these strategies can create a more supportive, balanced, and effective learning environment for all students.

Along with social changes and the process of globalization, different generations (parents and children) seem to have undergone a number of transformations. In this study, three dimensions of religious values have been identified and investigated: the collective dimension of religious behavior, individual dimension of religious behavior, and religious beliefs. Through cluster sampling, 216 students of Jahrom high schools students and their mothers were chosen for the study. Findings showed that socialization factor in the family (mothers' religious values) have a determining role in daughters' religious values. Also it was found that there is a significant difference between mothers and daughters in collective and religious values, but there is not a significant difference between mothers and daughters in the case of beliefs and individual dimension of religious behavior. In general, mothers are more religious than daughters. The study concludes that domestic mass media causes reinforcement of individual beliefs while foreign mass media tend to weaken the collective dimension of religious behavior of daughters.

Trees and shrubs can act as nurse plants that facilitate the growth and development of other herbaceous species under their canopies and induced the autogenic development of soil parameters. Therefore, we studied the effect of Crataegus pseudomelanicarpa on soil carbon sequestration (total soil carbon and particulate organic matter) in two grazed and ungrazed areas during the two seasons (spring and autumn) in central Alborz, Pasperes village, Noor rangelands, Iran. Fifteen individual trees (according to the surface of each region, five in the ungrazed and ten in the grazed areas) were selected. Soil samples were taken in spring and autumn in 2017 under woody canopy (patch) and outside the canopy (interpatch) of individual trees. Soil samples were tested for Total Carbon (TC) and Particulate Organic Matter (POM). The results showed that the value of TC was higher in the autumn than the spring and conversely, POM was significantly higher in spring than autumn. Generally, the results showed that the presence of the shrubs in both grazed and ungrazed areas improved the values of TC and POM in both seasons. In the grazed area, POM (24. 43 g kg-1 vs. 15. 41 g kg-1 in the spring and 11. 71 g kg-1 vs. 8. 59 g kg-1 in the autumn) and TC (1. 53% vs. 1. 35% in the spring and 1. 61% vs. 1. 58% in the autumn) had significantly higher values in patches than interpatches while in the ungrazed area, these differences were less pronounced or not significant between patches and interpatches. It was concluded that the facilitated role of woody species in the conservation of soil carbon is more prominent in the grazed compared with ungrazed grasslands. It emphasized conservation of woody species in the rangelands particularly in the grazed areas.